Lecture 2 (讲座二) GEOPOLITICS 地缘政治 Theories, concepts, schools, debates 理论, 概念, 学派,论争 The origins of Geopolitics Geopolitics studies relations and interactions of Spaces (Territories), States, Civilizations, Peoples, Economics The fundamental are State, Culture, People, Army, Economy to Space (Territory) relations Geopolitics was developed from Political Geography and Anthropogeography - Friedrich Ratzel (1844 – 1904) The State is considered living being - Rudolf Kjellen (1864 - 1922, ) Space is qualitative not (quantitative) Space is more important than Time Space is synchronistic (Time is diachronistic) Space is the fundament of Strategy - Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840 - 1914) Today geopolitical dualism acquires new dimension: it can not be anymore bipolar West (USA, EU, NATO) vs Heartland; it is unipolarity (or globalism) vs multipolarity (order of civilizations or Big Spaces) Sea Power represent Post-Modernity, global West Land Power (continentalism) is the Rest (not Russia) The role of traditional Heartland (Russia) in that multipolar project is to be in front of alternative World Order. Not any more as ideological or imperialist power (as in the past) but friendly and honest defender of the plurality of civilizations. China, Europe, India, Muslim countries, Africa, Latin America and USA itself will find in the Multipolar World Order worthy place independent from present Western hegemony but independent as well from Russia.
International Relations & Geopolitics 国际政治 和 地缘政治 Academic course of prof. Alexander Dugin (杜金教授的学术课程) 4 lectures (四个讲座) 1. International Relations (国际关系) 2. Geopolitics (地缘政治) 3. Multipolarity, unipolarity, hegemony (多极 单极 霸权) 4. China in IR, geopolitics, globalization, hegemony (在国际关系中的中国 地缘政治 全球化 霸权) Shangkhai Lecture 3 Multipolarity, unipolarity, hegemony 多极 单极 霸权 Unipolarity 单极: meaning of concept Ideological unipolarity Hegemony: readings Different meanings of hegemony Strategical dimension Greek word Leading Power Hegemony as unipolarity (Gilpin) Relative hegemony (Mearscheimer) Globalist version (CFR) Neoconservative version Trump version of New Liberal Order Main question: hegemony or hegemonieS Multipolarity 多极 Multipolarity多极 vs Unipolarity单极 Multipolarity多极 vs Globalism 全球化 Multipolarity多极 vs Multilateralism 多边主义 Multipolarity多极 vs Hegemony 霸权 (in Singular) Multipolarity多极 vs hegemony 霸权 (as strategical hegemony) Multipolarity多极 vs hegemony 霸权 (as ideological hegemony) Multipolarity多极 vs hegemony 霸权 (as Gramscist hegemony) Multipolarity多极 is not Caesarism Multipolarity is Pluriversum
International Relations & Geopolitics 国际政治 和 地缘政治 China in IR, geopolitics, globalization, hegemony Academic course of prof. Alexander Dugin (杜金教授的学术课程) 4 lectures (四个讲座) 1. International Relations (国际关系) 2. Geopolitics (地缘政治) 3. Multipolarity, unipolarity, hegemony (多极, 单极, 霸权) 4. China in IR, geopolitics, globalization, hegemony (在国际关系中的中国，地缘政治，全球化，霸权) 在国际关系中的中国地缘政治全球化霸权 China in IR, geopolitics, globalization, hegemony 在国际关系中的中国，地缘政治，全球化，霸权 Identity of China 中国的认同 China中国 is Civilization 文明(one of several, not unique) China中国 is Big Space 大空间 (one of several, not unique) China中国 is Culture文化 (one of several, not unique) China中国 is Power 权 (one of several, not unique) China中国 is Pole 极 (one of several, not unique) China中国 is Hegemony 霸权 (one of several, not unique) China中国 is Empire 帝国 (one of several, not unique) China中国 is Tianxia 天下 (one of several, not unique) Identity of China Relations are most important (constitutional) Harmony should prevail All oppositions are relative Order is based on ethics There is neither pure subjectivity nor pure objectivity Dao is everywhere and nowhere Matter and spirit form fold 折 Symmetry: center/periphery not top/bottom Extremities are dangerous Time is circular Inclusiveness not exclusiveness 西方认同 Relations are secondary Competition (struggle) should prevail All oppositions are radical and irreducible Order is based on power There is pure subjectivity and/or pure objectivity Transcendence with God or without God Matter and spirit are two natures Symmetry: top/bottom Extremities are constitutional Time is linear Exclusiveness not inclusiveness
China Institute, Fudan University 复旦大学 中国研究院 Multipolar approach (多极即) Theory of Multipolar World 多极世界理论 Eurasianism 欧亚大陆 4th Political Theory 第四政治理论 Chinese school Zhao Tingyang (赵汀阳) - Tianxia Tixi - 天下体系 - Middle Empire Yan Xuetong (阎学通) – 王道外交 Zhang Weiwei (张维为) China model (中国模式) Qin Yaqing (秦亚青) – I Ching (易经 ) in IR Theory 关系理论 -- relations European New Right (Alain de Benoist) Latin America school La Teoría de la Insubordinación Fundante (Marcelo Gullo Omodeo - Argentina) O Meridianalismo (Andre Martin – Brazil) Norberto Ceresole - peronismo de izqierda
Eurasianism 欧亚大陆 Principles, Theories, Geopolitics 原则, 理论,地缘政治 Eurasia as multilayer concept Eurasia = geographical concept (Europe – small, Asia – big) Eurasia = Land Power, Heartland of Mackinder (opposed to Sea Power and atlanticism) Eurasia = Turan, Step’, nomadic part to the north from China, India, Persia, Greece Eurasia = Russia as country Eurasia = Russia as Empire, USSR, Post-Soviet space Eurasia = Russia as civilization (slavo-turk, European/Asian) Eurasia = Idea of unified diversity (Empire of Middle) Eurasia = one pole of multipolar world
Relations Russia-West have different axis Traditional confrontation between East (Greek-Slave) Christianity and West Christianity Competition between Russia and European States Great Game Great Britain against Russian Empire Socialist-Capitalist confrontation (cold war) Fundamental conflict between Sea Power and Land Power Fight for control of Rimland in order to control Heartland Putin’s restauration of sovereignty Russia becomes obstacle to unipolar World, liberal World Order, American hegemony Russia defends traditional values against Post-Modern liberalism
One BELT One ROAD 一带一路 vs BELT & Road initiative 丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路 Geopolitical analysis from eurasian perspective Rimland Project Initially One Belt One Road Initiative was conceived as the project of the economic and GEOPOLITICAL integration of RIMLAND. Both routes (land Belt and maritime Road) explicitly BYPASS Russian Federation – i.e. HEARTLAND. It is not openly anti-Eurasian it is simply NON-Eurasian Initiative. It is based on concept of Europe (Germany) being one of five UNITS (元). The main intermediary space is Middle East and above all Turkey. This project is supported by some fraction in liberal Global Government (as was the case with the Chinese reforms in 80-s). Any serious and solid Project of Russian-Chinese cooperation can be based ONLY in this Eurasian perspective of Multipolar (4 + Polar) World Vision
